Emperor penguins have suffered their first "widespread breeding failure" on account of document low Antarctic sea ice, reinforcing projections the species might be nearly extinct by 2100, scientists have mentioned.

Last 12 months the duvet of sea ice round Antarctica - ice floating on the ocean floor, on which emperor penguins rely to hatch and rear their chicks - dropped to its lowest ever cowl.

The ice is normally secure between about April and the top of December, with chicks fledging round mid to late December.

But when it breaks up early, regarded as on account of hotter seas, chicks probably drown or freeze to demise as a result of they haven't but grown their waterproof feathers or should not able to fledge.

Emperor penguins solely reside in Antarctica, which is totally darkish throughout winter, with temperatures plummeting as little as -50C.

In the Bellingshausen Sea, all sea ice had passed by November final 12 months, properly earlier than the chicks would have developed waterproof feathers, that means they might have drowned or frozen to demise.

In 4 out of 5 colonies in that area, it's probably no chicks survived, based on a paper printed on Thursday within the journal Communications Earth & Environment.

Lead creator of the examine, Dr Peter Fretwell, from British Antarctic Survey, referred to as it "catastrophic".

"We have never seen emperor penguins fail to breed, at this scale, in a single season," he mentioned.

His workforce tracked the colonies with satellite tv for pc imagery, which picked up the stains of penguin faeces on the brilliant white ice floor.

He referred to as the biggest of the penguin species a "window" into Antarctica, whose white floor cools the world by reflecting the solar's warmth, and whose currents affect climate patterns elsewhere.

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"By reducing the sea ice, we will change the world's weather in many places, and we're not sure what the consequences [will be]," he informed Sky News.

Emperor penguins 'heading in direction of extinction'

The authors imagine many extra colonies didn't breed final 12 months.

After they submitted their paper, they discovered 9 additional colonies elsewhere in Antarctica whose chicks had probably all died, and extra the place just some would have survived.

In complete they suppose 19 of Antarctica's 62 colonies, totalling 30%, misplaced all or many chicks final 12 months as a result of the ocean ice disappeared.

Dr Fretwell informed Sky News 2021 was a foul 12 months, 2022 was worse, and "it looks like 2023 is going to be even worse".

"We're waiting until the sun comes up in September for Antarctica, and we're watching with some trepidation to see what the consequences of this sea ice year is," he mentioned.

His feedback come as the quantity of sea ice round Antarctica was at a document low for the top of June, based on the Met Office.

The scientists mentioned it's troublesome to hyperlink particular excessive seasons to local weather change, however they count on a longer-term drop in sea ice cowl because the local weather warms.

Their examine provides to a rising physique of labor that tasks that round 90% of emperor penguin colonies might be quasi-extinct by the top of the century.

Though the species will nonetheless exist, their numbers could have fallen under a vital threshold wanted to outlive, together with as a result of they want giant numbers to huddle collectively for heat.

Rod Downie, chief adviser on polar areas at wildlife charity WWF, mentioned: "Emperor penguins are heading towards extinction unless we act now."

This 12 months Antarctica has misplaced a "shocking one million square miles of sea ice" in contrast with the common, he mentioned.

He added he has "not witnessed anything like this before" in 16 years of working within the area.

Urgent motion to restrict common world temperature rise and safety for Antarctic waters is significant, he mentioned.

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Content Source: information.sky.com